The Nigerian Dental Journal (NDJ) is the official publication of the Nigerian Dental Association. The NDJ is dedicated to promoting the advancement of oral health in Nigeria through the dissemination of original research and review articles, as well as case reports and other relevant information for dental professionals. The Nigerian Dental Journal publishes peer-reviewed, scientific articles relevant to the needs of dental, medical and other health professionals in Nigeria and other parts of the world. Accepted publications include clinical papers, research papers, review papers, technical notes (surgical techniques, technical innovations), case reports and letters to the Editor.
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Influence of Dental Phobia and Traumatic Treatment Experiences on Care-Seeking Behaviour: A University- Based Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Dental phobia and previous traumatic treatment experiences are major psychological barriers that drive avoidance and emergency-only dental attendance. Despite being university students, Nigerians frequently delay care due to fears of pain and negative clinical memories. However, research on how these factors specifically impact students' dental care-seeking habits is currently limited. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the influence of dental phobia and traumatic treatment experiences on dental care-seeking behaviour among students at the University of Ibadan. Methods: A cross-sectional design was utilized, targeting students from non-health-related faculties to minimize professional knowledge bias. A proportionate stratified sampling technique was employed to ensure representation across all faculties. Data were collected using an online self-administered questionnaire comprising sociodemographic characteristics, the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS), the Level of Exposure to Distressing Events Questionnaire (LOE-DEQ), and items assessing dental care-seeking behaviour. Analysis included the Chi-square test, Spearman's rank correlation, and binary logistic regression, performed using SPSS version 27, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 397 students were included. The mean age of participants was 22.07 ± 3.13 years. The prevalence of dental phobia and high exposure to traumatic events was 16.9% and 31.8%, respectively. Exposure to traumatic events showed a positive correlation with dental anxiety. Logistic regression revealed that the strongest predictors of dental phobia were a dentist not providing information about an invasive procedure (OR = 3.88), feelings of extreme helplessness during dental treatment (OR = 1.73), and being a victim of a violent crime (OR = 2.40). Individuals with lower levels of exposure were more likely to seek care and attend routine dental check-ups (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Dental phobia and traumatic experiences significantly impede routine dental attendance among University of Ibadan students, with clinical communication failures and personal trauma acting as the strongest predictors of avoidance. Adopting trauma-informed care models that prioritize patient communication and psychological support is essential to mitigate helplessness and improve care-seeking behaviour in this population. Keywords: Dental phobia; Dental anxiety; Care-seeking behavior; Traumatic experiences.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mary E. Osuh, Mary O Babatunde, Jackson L. Osuh, Simon A. Akpa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Youth Access to Tobacco in Violation of Sales Restrictions: Evidence from the Nigerian Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS)
Background: Despite Nigeria’s early commitment to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), enforcement of Article 16, which prohibits the sale of tobacco to minors remains poorly documented. Since no Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) has been conducted in Nigeria since 2008, there is a critical evidence gap on how adolescents continue to access tobacco products in violation of legal restrictions. This study provides the first detailed assessment of illegal youth access to tobacco, examining associated demographic, behavioral, and policy awareness factors using nationally representative microdata. Methods: We analyzed the Nigeria GYTS 2008, a cross-sectional school-based survey employing a two-stage cluster sample design across five sentinel areas (Abuja, Cross River, Ibadan, Kano, Lagos). The analytic sample included 2,379 adolescents aged 13–15 years. Complex survey design corrections were applied using Primary Sampling Units (PSU) strata, and final sample weights. The outcome variable—illegal access to tobacco—was defined as purchasing cigarettes without refusal due to age in the past 30 days. Weighted descriptive analyses, chi-square tests, and survey-adjusted logistic regressions (Models 1–3) were performed to identify predictors, including sex, age, rural residence, parental and peer smoking, school type, and awareness of youth-sales laws. Results: Overall, 13.2% (95% CI: 11.6–14.8) of Nigerian adolescents reported successful purchase of cigarettes without being refused for age. Rural youth had higher illegal access (18.5% vs. 11.4%, p<0.001). Adolescents with smoking peers had markedly elevated odds of illegal purchase (aOR=3.48, 95% CI: 2.86–4.25), while those aware of tobacco-age restrictions were less likely to report successful purchase (aOR=0.56, 95% CI: 0.43–0.73). Media exposure to anti-smoking messages showed a modest protective effect (aOR=0.78, 95% CI: 0.64–0.94). Age and male sex were independently associated with higher odds of illegal access. Conclusions: Illegal tobacco access among Nigerian adolescents remains alarmingly prevalent, especially among males, rural youth, and those with smoking peers. Awareness of age restrictions and anti-tobacco media exposure reduces the likelihood of illegal purchase, suggesting that policy enforcement and communication gaps are major barriers to FCTC Article 16 compliance. Strengthening retail surveillance, implementing vendor licensing, and integrating youth-access enforcement into Nigeria’s National Tobacco Control Act (NTCA) 2015 monitoring systems are urgently needed. Keywords: Adolescent tobacco access; Sales restrictions; FCTC Article 16; Policy enforcement; Nigeria; GYTS.
Copyright (c) 2026 Afolabi Oyapero, MA Olajide, Olufemi Olagundoye, OF Kuye https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Orthodontic Residents' Mentorship: Perceptions, Experiences, and Programmatic Implications in Nigeria
ABSTRACT Objectives: Mentoring is an essential aspect of dental education, particularly in specialized fields like orthodontics that require complex clinical decision-making. Effective mentorship enables orthodontic residents to receive more comprehensive training, thereby enhancing their professional productivity. This study evaluated mentorship among Nigerian orthodontic residents. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a semi-structured 17-item Google form questionnaire. Information regarding sociodemographics, perception of mentoring, and experiences during training was collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive (frequencies and proportions) and inferential (chi-square) statistical methods. The significance level was set at P < 0.05. Results: The study involved 20 females and 17 males, with a mean age of 38.22 ± 6.77 years, most in the 36–45 years age range. Nearly all respondents (35, 94.6%) expressed interest in being mentored, and the majority (27, 73.0%) had previously received mentoring. Most (33, 89.2%) believed that mentoring is important, while 28 (75.7%) reported that mentoring enhanced their confidence and skills. Fewer than half (15, 40.5%) felt the mentoring they received was inadequate, and 16 (43.2%) thought the quality of mentorship during orthodontic posting was good. Seventeen (45.9%) and 14 (37.8%) agreed that mentorship aided their clinical practice and research pursuits, respectively. Perceived impacts on research, clinical practice, and skills showed no statistically significant gender-based differences. Conclusions: Mentorship is desired by Nigerian orthodontic residents and should be encouraged, as it could be an important tool to improve residents' practice confidence and clinical skills. Keywords: Mentoring, confidence, medical education, orthodontic residents, research interest
Copyright (c) 2026 Sylvia Etim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Parental Knowledge and Perception Towards the Use of Conscious Sedation
Background: Behavioural management alleviates dental anxiety and instils a positive dental attitude. Conscious Sedation is a pharmacological behavioural management where medications are administered to achieve a minimally depressed consciousness where patient can independently maintain their air way and verbal contact maintained. Aim: To assess parental knowledge and perception towards the use of conscious sedation in dental management of children. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study on 150 parents of children that presented at the Paediatric Dental Clinic of LUTH. Questionnaires on knowledge and perception of conscious sedation were administered to parents. SPSS version 25 was used for data analysis. Numeric variables were presented using mean and standard deviation. Frequency and percentages were presented for categorical variables. The significance level was set at p≤ 0.05 Results: 150 parents with a mean age of 38.13±8.37years. More than half of the participants (56.7%) had not heard of conscious sedation prior to this study. Out of the 65 participants who had heard of conscious sedation, 38(58%) of them had a good knowledge on conscious sedation while 67.4% had a positive perception of conscious sedation. However, a total of 112 (75%) of the 150 participants had a poor knowledge of conscious sedation. Conclusion: Majority of the study participants had a poor knowledge of conscious sedation. However, most of the parents who had heard of conscious sedation prior to the study had good knowledge and good perception of conscious sedation.
Paediatric conscious sedation, parental perception, parental knowledge
Copyright (c) 2026 OS Ayedun, MN Adekoya, BO Akindele, JT Idowu, KR Okubadejo, FA Oredugba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Attitudes, Practices, and Perceived Barriers to Providing Smoking Cessation Advice to Patients Among Dentists in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study
Objectives: To assess dentists' attitudes, practices, and perceived barriers to delivering smoking cessation advice in public dental clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in October 2018 among 63 dentists working in four public dental clinics selected using convenience sampling. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 27. Continuous variables were summarized as means and standard deviations (mean ± SD), while categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages. Associations between independent variables (sociodemographic characteristics, attitude, and barriers) and the dependent variable (practice of smoking cessation advice) were examined using the chi-square test. Statistical significance was set at a p-value < 0.05. Results: Most dentists (95.3%) believed that they should advise patients on smoking cessation, and 84.1% agreed that such advice increases patients' chances of quitting. Furthermore, 93.7% regarded motivating patients to stop smoking as part of their professional responsibility. While more than half of the dentists (55.5%) routinely inquired about patients' smoking status, fewer than half (42.9%) reported actively advising patients to quit smoking. The most frequently reported barriers to providing smoking cessation advice were lack of patient motivation (73.0%), time constraints (69.8%), and insufficient knowledge (52.2%). Dentists with higher attitude scores tended to demonstrate more desirable practices; however, this association did not reach statistical significance (χ² test, p = 0.053). Conclusions: Although dentists demonstrated positive attitudes towards providing smoking cessation advice, the level of implementation in clinical practice remained suboptimal. The principal barriers identified were lack of patient motivation, time constraints, and insufficient knowledge. Continued professional education programs focusing on smoking cessation counseling for dentists are recommended. Keywords: Dentists; attitude; barriers; smoking cessation advice; Tanzania
Dentists; attitude; practice; barriers; smoking cessation advice
Copyright (c) 2026 Lilian Mkonyi, Dwarika Bhatt https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship Between Diabetes and Periodontal Disease: An Observational Study of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Diabetics in Cameroon
Objective: The interrelationship between diabetes and periodontal disease has been reported in Cameroon; therefore, a mutual prevention approach for these two chronic non-communicable diseases appears essential in our country. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Cameroonian diabetics with respect to periodontal health. Materials and Methods: A bicentric cross-sectional observational study was conducted from February 1st to April 30th, 2024, in two selected hospitals in Yaoundé. Simple random sampling was used to recruit diabetics who provided consent. Sociodemographic data, knowledge of the interrelationship between periodontal disease and diabetes, attitudes of diabetics towards dental consultations and treatment, as well as their oral hygiene habits, were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire. Clinical and paraclinical data were retrieved from medical records. Results: A total of 208 participants were recruited, with a mean age of 60 ± 11 years; 142 (68.3%) were women. Two hundred and one (96.6%) participants had type 2 diabetes; 187 (89.9%) reported being unaware of the relationship between diabetes and periodontal disease. Eighty-seven (41.8%) participants had never consulted a dentist, while only 10 (4.8%) had received a preventive oral consultation. A total of 165 (79.3%) reported using toothpicks. After multivariate analysis, factors associated with inadequate practices were poor knowledge (OR = 2.2; p = 0.044) and approximate attitudes (OR = 2.8; p = 0.013). Conclusion: This study highlights the need to further educate Cameroonian type 2 diabetics on the interrelationship between diabetes and periodontal disease, to modify their attitudes and behaviours regarding dental consultation, and to optimize their oral hygiene practices. Keywords: Diabetes, periodontal disease, knowledge, attitudes, practices, Cameroon
Copyright (c) 2026 Lawrence ESSAMA ENO BELINGA, Mai-Pamela Mekieje Tumchou, Noel Désirée MBANGO EKOUTA, Stéphanie Ida KENGNE, Williams BELL NGAN, CÔME EBANA MVOGO, Rosalie Annie NGONO NGANE, Bienvenu BONGUE, Martine Claude ETOA ETOGA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Epidemiology and Temporal Dynamics of Heck's Disease Among Kano Children, Northern Nigeria
Background: Heck's disease (multifocal epithelial hyperplasia) is a benign oral condition caused by human papillomavirus types 13 and 32, primarily affecting children in resource-limited settings. Epidemiological data on Heck's disease in northern Nigeria are scarce. This study aimed to describe the sociodemographic patterns and temporal trends of Heck's disease among paediatric patients in Kano, northern Nigeria. Methods: A retrospective hospital-based descriptive analysis was conducted using records from Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria, over a span of nine years (2015–2023). Data on age, sex, ethnicity, geographical location, and date of diagnosis were collected from patients with clinically confirmed Heck's disease. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze demographic characteristics, while temporal and spatial patterns were examined to identify disease trends and geographical clustering. Results: Data from 43 paediatric patients aged between 3 and 14 years were retrieved and analyzed. The 6–8 years age group represented the largest proportion (60.5%). Cases predominantly originated from urban local government areas, with Kumbotso and Gwale each accounting for 20.9% of cases. Ethnic distribution showed a marked predominance of Hausa ethnicity. Temporally, the data showed a fluctuating pattern in annual case numbers, with a clear rise observed in the most recent years, reaching the highest level in 2023. On a monthly scale, November exhibited the highest incidence (14.0%). No statistically significant associations were found between sex and geographical distribution (p = 0.999) or age distribution across sexes (p = 0.942). Conclusion: This study describes distinct age-specific vulnerability, urban geographical clustering, and a steady increase in case numbers over time. It calls for seasonally timed, culturally appropriate preventive strategies and enhanced surveillance in Kano. Keywords: Heck's disease, multifocal epithelial hyperplasia, oral papillomavirus, Nigeria, epidemiology, temporal trends
Copyright (c) 2026 Chizoba Okolo, Umar Mahmud, Abdulrahman Malami, Yewande Adeyemo, Atiqa Abulfathi, Adetayo Aborisade https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Oral Health in Africa: Building Research and Policy Capacity for Sustainable Change
Oral health disparities in Africa are stark, characterized by limited access, fragmented data systems, low political will, and persistent underfunding. With the WHO Global Oral Health Action Plan 2022–2030 calling for integration, prevention, and equity, African researchers and institutions are stepping into leadership roles to drive contextualized, data-informed, and sustainable solutions. This perspective synthesizes insights from African-led initiatives, including collaborative research networks, institution-based innovations, and field trial systems, which are designed to generate locally relevant evidence for clinical interventions and future research. This article draws on experiences across subregions and institutions, informed by the "Oral Health in Africa" symposium at the 2025 International Association for Dental Research (IADR) General Session. The article covers community field trials in Egypt, the initiative of the Intercountry Centre for Oral Health in Nigeria, and continent-wide research networks. It highlights opportunities for transformative change in African oral health and outlines priorities for data generation, policy alignment, institutional coordination, and funding strategies necessary to deliver on the global oral health agenda. Key words: Oral Health Policy, Research Capacity-Building, Health Systems Strengthening, Africa, Universal Health Coverage (UHC), Community-Based Interventions, WHO Global Strategy.
Oral Health Policy, Research Capacity-Building, Health Systems Strengthening, Africa, Universal Health Coverage (UHC), Community-Based Interventions, WHO Global Strategy.
Copyright (c) 2026 ABIMBOLA OLADAYO; Moréniké Oluwátóyìn Foláyan, Maha El Tantawi, Olaniyi Olufemi Taiwo, Azeez Butali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Oral Hygiene Status and Renal Function in Pre-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Poor oral health and chronic kidney disease have been linked in several studies. Also, there are many reports on the oral hygiene status of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. However, very few have been reported in pre-dialysis patients, especially in developing countries. Therefore, this study investigated oral hygiene status and its implication on renal function of pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients attending a tertiary health care facility in Nigeria. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted between June 2019 and December 2020 at the nephrology unit, Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria among pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) Stages 1–5 patients who were 18 years and above. The study involved two groups: those with periodontitis and those without periodontitis (control). Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data on demographics and oral hygiene practices. Oral hygiene status using the Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHI-S) and renal function using estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were assessed in both groups. Data collected were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0. Descriptive analysis was carried out for oral hygiene practices. Independent t-test was used to compare means of oral hygiene status and renal function between the two groups. Multivariable linear regression analysis was performed to explain the relationship between renal function and other predictors, and p-value was set at <0.05. Results: There were 120 pre-dialysis CKD participants in this study. Of these, 82.5% brushed their teeth once daily. The mean OHI-S score was higher in the periodontitis group than the control group (3.48 vs. 1.72, p<0.01). The mean eGFR, however, was higher in the control group than the periodontitis group (62.08 mL/min vs. 40.55 mL/min, p<0.01). Male participants had significantly higher OHI-S scores compared to females (2.89 vs. 2.22) but lower eGFR than females (46.16 mL/min vs. 58.06 mL/min, p<0.01). In multivariable regression, after adjusting for age, gender, hypertension, and oral hygiene, both CKD stage and clinical attachment loss remained significant independent predictors of eGFR (p < 0.05). Conclusion: After adjusting for age, gender, hypertension status, and oral hygiene, both CKD stage and clinical attachment loss emerged as significant independent predictors of eGFR. Keywords: Oral hygiene practices, periodontitis, estimated glomerular filtration rate, chronic kidney disease
Oral Hygiene Practices, Periodontitis, Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate, Chronic Kidney Disease
Copyright (c) 2026 Olusoji Ayodele Onabanjo, Morolayo Oguwemimo, Tolulope Ogundiran, Opeyemi Matthew Adewole, Babatope Andrew Ogunleye, Solomon Nwhator, Fatiu Arogundade https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Improving Oral Health Service Uptake Among Urban Informal Sector Workers in Nigeria: Trader Perspectives on Affordability, Accessibility, and Delivery Innovations
Background: Urban Informal Sector Workers face unique barriers to preventive healthcare; however, little is known about their oral health behaviors in rapidly growing market economies. This study examined the patterns, determinants, and perceived facilitators of dental service utilization among traders in an urban marketplace. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among traders and businessmen in Lagos State, collecting demographic, occupational, and behavioral data, along with self-reported oral health status, service utilization, and perceived barriers. Associations between occupational demands, symptom frequency, and care-seeking behaviors were analyzed using chi-square test. Open-ended responses were analyzed thematically. Results: Among the participants (n= 123), most were aged 30–39 years (45.5%), with a balanced gender distribution and predominant engagement in gadget and equipment sales (61.8%). Although 66.7% rated dental check-ups as important, 83.7% had not visited a dentist in the past year, with the absence of perceived dental problems (54.4%), work-related time constraints (22.3%), and cost (15.5%) cited as the main reasons. The most reported access challenges were the cost of care (34.5%) and long wait times (26.8%). Symptom frequency was significantly associated with dental visits (p=0.021) and treatment delays (p=0.002). Qualitative data revealed three main intervention priorities: financial accessibility (e.g., subsidized/free services, HMO inclusion), targeted outreach and education (e.g., quarterly market-based programs, workplace health promotion), and service innovations aligned with traders’ schedules (e.g., mobile clinics, extended/24-hour services). Mobile dental clinics (33.2%) and extended clinic hours (56.9%) were the most favored solutions, with 70.7% of the participants willing to participate in on-site outreach near their business premises. Conclusion: Despite awareness of the value of preventive dental care, utilization remains low among traders due to cost, time constraints, and symptom-driven care-seeking behavior. Interventions should integrate occupationally compatible service models, financial subsidies, and targeted outreach to bridge the knowledge–action gap in this population. Policy efforts addressing both perceptual and structural barriers may substantially improve preventive oral health care uptake in urban informal economies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Afolabi Oyapero https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gingival Pigmentation and Its Association with Skin Complexion and Periodontal Status Among Patients Attending a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study
Introduction: Gingival color varies among different races and can be affected by a number of factors including pigmentation. Gingival pigmentation is of aesthetic concern in some individuals and has been linked to skin complexion. However, there is paucity in the literature regarding the association between gingival pigmentation and periodontal disease. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among participants who attended the Periodontology Clinic, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH). A convenient, non-probability sampling technique was used to recruit participants who gave consent. Data collection was done using a semi-structured questionnaire, which had three sections. Section A included information on sociodemographics, Section B included intraoral examination to assess periodontal health status, and Section C included assessment of gingival pigmentation and skin pigmentation. The modified Community Periodontal Index (CPI) was used to assess periodontal health status. Gingival pigmentation was assessed using the Dummett-Gupta Oral Pigmentation Index (DOPI) and the index by Ponnaiyan et al., while the Fitzpatrick scale was used to assess skin complexion. Results: There were 114 participants, with age range 17–84 years, M:F = 1:1.38. The prevalence of gingival pigmentation among the participants was 80.7%, with more females presenting with gingival pigmentation than males. More participants from other ethnic groups had heavy pigmentation compared to those from the three common ethnic groups; this finding was not statistically significant (p = 0.746). Skin pigmentation was significantly associated with gingival pigmentation (p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant association between gingival pigmentation and periodontal disease, as more participants with heavy pigmentation had healthy periodontium (CPI 0) compared with participants with pink tissue (p = 0.003). Conclusion: The prevalence of gingival pigmentation in this study was 80.7%. It was higher among participants from the other ethnic groups. Gingival pigmentation was significantly associated with skin complexion and periodontal disease. KEYWORDS: Gingival pigmentation, skin complexion, periodontal status
Copyright (c) 2026 Grace Alade, Ayodele Ogundana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Yoruba Chewing Sticks and Branded Toothpastes on Bacteria Isolated from Carious Teeth
Objectives: Dental decay and associated toothache infection causes pains and discomfort; and are characterized by many symptoms. It may be due to bacterial infection or many other causes. This study determined the antimicrobial activities of methanol extracts of three selected Yoruba chewing sticks; Sorindeia warneckei, Garcinia kola, Veronia amygdalina and aqueous extracts of three branded toothpastes; NCT, MCL, and OLV on isolates of bacteria from cases of toothache infection Materials and Methods: A total number of thirty (30), comprising three different species, biochemically characterized isolates from tooth ache infection; Streptococcus oralis (10), Lactobacillus spp(10) and Streptococcus mutans(10) were collected on slant from a dental clinic in Ibadan and confirmed on Sheep blood agar medium fortified with serum, and deMan Rogosa Sharpe (MRS agar). The isolates were Gram stained, with other biochemical identification tests. The isolates were challenged with methanol extract of selected chewing sticks and aqueous extract of branded toothpastes using standard broth dilution method to determine its MIC’s and MBC’s. The chewing sticks extract were screened for secondary metabolites using standard methods. Results: The percentage crude extract yield from initial weight of 200g of Sorindeia warneckei was found to be 9. 25%, while Garcinia kola and Veronia amygdalina exhibited 6.8% and 5.7% Alkaloids, anthraquinones, tannins, flavonoids and saponins were present in 3 selected chewing sticks . Statistical analysis by Anova test of MIC and MBC methanol extracts for different concentrations of 3 chewing sticks and branded toothpastes evaluated showed significant inhibition of growth for 3.125, 12.56, 25 µg/mL as indicated in S.oralis1, Lactobacilli spp15 and S.mutans 30 for Sorindeia warneckei, 6.25, 3.125,6.25 µg/mL for Garcinia kola and 25, 12.5,25 µg/mL for Veronia amygdalina and when compared to 12.56 and 100 µg/mL MIC aqueous extract of 3 branded tooth pastes. The aqueous extract of toothpastes determined showed lesser antimicrobial activity than the methanol extract of the three chewing sticks from the MIC’s and MBC’s point of view. Conclusion: The methanol extract of selected chewing sticks explored showed competitive antimicrobial activity in comparison with branded toothpaste. The antimicrobial constituents in the methanol extracts of the selected chewing sticks hold the potential for clinical application and can be incorporated into conventional household tooth pastes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Olufemi Lionel Okunye, Bunmi Comfort Kotun, Caroline Olufunke Babalola, John Olabanji Daodu, Joshua Seun Ayedun, Samuel Friday Ibitoye, Brendan Iloka, Adeyemo Olumuyiwa , Eunice Adewole Oluwaseun, Igbokwe Christopher Ogbonna, Ememabasi Precious V-Thompson, Peter Omotayo Ajayi, Morenike Eunice Coker https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring the Awareness and Use of Teledentistry Among Dental Professionals in A Nigerian University Teaching Hospital; A Cross-Sectional Survey
Abstract Objectives: Teledentistry is an emerging practice with a potential to significantly impact both the evolving landscape of dental clinical practice and public health delivery. The practice typically includes a variety of components and activities such as the use of electronic data and audiovisual communication technologies in diagnosis and delivery of oral health care, dental care delivery despite geographical distances, (especially in rural, and remote areas) among others. The objective of this study was to evaluate the level of awareness and use of teledentistry, in oral health care delivery among dental professionals of Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals’ Complex, (OAUTHC) Ile-Ife. Osun State, Nigeria Materials and Method: A structured self-administered questionnaire designed with four-point Likert scale ideal was administered to all dental health care professionals in the hospital. The questionnaire had relevant sections, designed to elicit unbiased and honest responses from the participants, about their demographics, level of awareness and use of teledentistry, knowledge of teledentistry, and perceptions on the potential uses of teledentistry, ethical consideration and possible barriers to the use of teledentistry. Results: All professionals in the hospital (100%) completed the questionnaire. Participants were 65 males, and 36 females, aged 20 -70 years. They were mostly Resident Doctors (44.6%) aged 30 - 40years. The level of awareness and use of teledentistry among dental professionals in this study was 49.9% and 4.1% respectively. 51.1% of respondents had no prior concept of the idea on the use of teledentistry in oral health care delivery. The Resident doctors appear to be the most informed than all other categories while the Dental therapists appear to be the least informed. Conclusions: The overall level of awareness about the use of teledentistry among all dental health care professionals in the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex was below average. It is important to stimulate and encourage the optimum application of teledentistry in the studied population in order to ensure improvements of oral health care delivery among them and numerous trainees passing through the teaching hospital.
Teledentistry, Awareness, Perception, Dental professionals, Use
Copyright (c) 2025 Grace Ozohu Eriki, OA Ayilara, Prof Fadekemi O Oginni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Oral Pain on Oral Health and Daily Performance in Pregnancy: A Cross-sectional Study
Background: Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Pregnancy-related oral pain can affect emotional well-being, oral health-related quality of life, and general health. If left untreated, poor oral health may lead to premature delivery, pre-eclampsia, epulis gravidarum, tooth mobility, and other complications. Objectives: This study assessed the prevalence of oral pain, evaluated oral impacts on daily performance (OIDP), and examined associations between oral health, service utilization, and parity status during pregnancy. Methods: A cross-sectional design was used, incorporating data on sociodemographic characteristics, pain symptomatology, oral impact on daily performance (OIDP), and clinical examination. Sociodemographic and pain variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequencies, proportions, summary statistics). Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: The median age was 30 years; most respondents (71%, n=149) had post-secondary education and were primigravida. Oral pain during pregnancy was reported by 29% (n=61) of respondents, predominantly mild and most commonly affecting the gingiva (16%, n=33). Pain, site of pain, and OIDP were significantly associated with parity (p=0.04, 0.010, 0.037, respectively), and OIDP was also related to trimester (p=0.04). Dental service utilization was 24% (n=50), with 17% (n=36) satisfied; satisfaction was higher among multigravida compared to primigravida (p=0.01). More women in the third trimester reported OIDP, while none in the first trimester did so (p=0.04). Conclusion: Mild oral pain is a frequent experience during pregnancy, most often gingival in origin, and is associated with parity and trimester. These findings emphasize the need for routine oral health assessment during antenatal care, with timely management to reduce oral impacts on daily functioning.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adetayo Aborisade, Olasunkanmi F. KUYE, Taiwo O. KUYE, Adewale F. ADEJOBI, Azuka R. NJOKANMA, Amina MOHAMMED https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence and Pattern of Systemic Diseases Among Adult Dental Patients in Ibadan Nigeria: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Oral health is an essential component of systemic health and significantly impacts quality of life and overall well-being. Oral health status reflects systemic health, as many diseases and medications affect the oral cavity; conversely, oral pathologies can also influence systemic health. This clinical audit aimed to determine the prevalence and pattern of systemic diseases among adult patients attending a tertiary dental clinic. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using records of adult dental patients who presented at the Oral Diagnosis Clinic of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, between January and June 2024. Demographic and systemic disease data were extracted from hospital records. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results: Out of 1,885 patients seen during the study period, 274 had one or more systemic conditions, yielding a prevalence of 14.5%. There were more females (193, 70.4%) than males (81, 29.6%); the mean age (±SD) was 51.7 ± 18.1 years. Hypertension was the most common comorbidity, followed by peptic ulcer disease and diabetes mellitus. Single comorbidities were more frequent (216, 78.8%) than multiple comorbidities (58, 21.2%), though a higher proportion of males had multiple conditions. The majority (87.9%) of patients with multiple systemic diseases were above 40 years of age (p = 0.002). Conclusion: This study found a 14.5% prevalence of systemic diseases among adult dental patients, with hypertension being the most common. Multiple comorbidities were significantly more prevalent in patients above 40 years. These findings are limited by the retrospective design and reliance on record quality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elizabeth Oluwatoyin Abe, Muhammad Yasin Yahaya, Oluwatosin Kehinde Adeyemi, Adeyemi Taofeek Saliu, Mathew Ekhaleafo Ogbezode, Akinyele Olumuyiwa Adisa, Bukola Folasade Adeyemi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Perceived Stress, Stressors, and Coping Strategies among Undergraduate Dental Students at Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
ABSTRACT Background: Dental school is known to be highly stressful, which sometimes affect student mental health, academic performance and professional development with differing opinion about the impact of age, gender, and educational level. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the level of perceived stress, identify the key stressors contributing to stress in dental student environment, examine the coping factors and relationship between Sociodemographic stress levels among undergraduate dental student Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife, Osun state. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the 2020/2021 academic year, among 123 dental students using a structured questionnaire. Dental Environment Stress (DES) was used to access the various stress levels, perceived Stress Scale (PSS) was used to determine the perceived stress level. Results: 62.6% of the participants were male while 37.4% were females with the mean age of 22.31±3.31 years. Overall mean stress for the population was 23.32±5.95, female students reported significantly higher stress level than male (P = 0.034). Workload (3.79±1.01) and performance pressure (3.63 ± 1.00) were the most reported stressors those living in the hospital hostel or receiving mid-range allowance appeared to undergo more stress, while religious coping was the mostly reported coping strategy Conclusion: It was found that perceived stress in dental environment is still relatively high most especially among female students. There is no clear association between income and perceived stressed level. Major stressors identified were workload and performance pressure. Religion, active coping and planning were the coping strategies mostly utilized in the management of these stressors.
Perceived stressors , Stressors, Coping Strategies, Undergraduate students
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr Fadeju A.D , Dr Okpalaeke A N, Prof Ogundipe OK https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Radiographic assessment of the health status of first permanent molars in pediatric groups in a Nigerian tertiary health institution: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Background: The first permanent molars (FPMs) are critical for maintaining normal masticatory functions and dentofacial harmony. However, they are highly susceptible to dental caries, especially in pediatric populations. This study aimed to radiographically assess the health status of first permanent molars in children aged 7 to 16 years at a Nigerian tertiary health institution, focusing on caries prevalence, structural anomalies, and periapical health. Study Design: A retrospective cross-sectional of study panoramic radiographs was conducted. Setting: Department of Oral Diagnostic sciences, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria from January 2022 to December 2023, following ethical approval from the hospital's research and ethics Committee (approval number NHREC/29/01/2025/AKTH/EC/4004). Participants: 317 children aged 7-16 years with mean age of approximately 11 years (SD = 3.26), 142 males (45.2%) and 172 females (54.8%) with artefact-free radiographs. Outcome Measures: Primary: Caries prevalence. Secondary: Restoration status, missing, periapical pathology (rarefying osteitis), and structural anomalies (hypomineralization/fusion/taurodontism). Key Results: Caries: Overall caries prevalence across all first permanent molars was 36.9% (117/314); highest in mandibular molars 17.2% in mandibular left first permanent molar and 11.8% mandibular right first permanent molar , suggesting a greater predisposition of mandibular molars to carious lesions. Restorative Interventions: were noted in only 5.4% (17/314) of the first permanent molars , with mandibular right first permanent molar exhibiting the highest frequency of restorations. Missing Teeth: was infrequent, with the highest incidence 2.5% (8/314) observed in mandibular right first permanent molar. Periapical Health: 95.2% (302/314) of cases were free of pathology, while 4.5% (14/314) predominantly ages 15-16, presented with rarefying osteitis, predominantly among individuals aged 15–16 years. Structural Anomalies: Low frequencies, including hypomineralization 1%, (3/314), fusion 0.6%, (2/314), and taurodontism 1%, (3/314). Conclusion: The findings suggest that while most first permanent molars remain structurally sound, caries prevalence is higher in mandibular molars, with limited restorative intervention observed. The low rates of periapical pathologies and structural anomalies indicate relatively good oral health, though older children showed increased susceptibility to dental decay and rarefying osteitis. These results highlight the need for preventive strategies, early intervention, and improved access to dental care to enhance pediatric oral health outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sabir Iya , Mohammad Kaura Abubakar, George O. Ewansiha , Bernard Emeka Ogbozor , Paul Mayellawos Karuwa, Jamiu Adetunji Abanikanda, Babatunde Olamide Bamgbose https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Awake Nasotracheal Intubation via Fibreoptic Bronchoscope for Surgical Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis: A Case Report
Temporomandibular joint ankylosis (TMJA) causes immobility due to fusion of the joint. It most often results from trauma or infection, but it may be congenital or a result of rheumatoid arthritis. The condition is very common in children and rarely seen in adults. Administration of effective and safe anesthesia to patients with TMJA often poses a serious challenge during surgical correction. Hence, we report a case of a 68-year-old Nigerian woman with no comorbidities who presented to the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery clinic of our facility with a 5-year history of progressive limitation of mouth opening associated with a painful left cheek swelling. Examination revealed severely limited mouth opening with an interincisal distance of 6 mm. Computerized tomogram of the jaws and the TMJ showed fusion of the condylar head and the temporal articular fossa on the left TMJ. She underwent gap arthroplasty after successful awake nasotracheal intubation via fibreoptic bronchoscope and recovered uneventfully with no recurrence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Akinwale Olaleye Akinbade, Tesleem Olayinka Orewole, Obitade Sunday Obimakinde, Shuaib Kayode Aremu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of Weekday on Demand Patterns for Restorative Dental Treatment: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Restorative dental treatments are essential for maintaining oral health. However, the demand for these services can vary throughout the week, impacting clinic operations and patient care. This descriptive analytical study aimed to investigate the influence of weekdays on the pattern of demand for restorative dental treatment and to identify peak and low-demand days. Methods: The study involved a secondary analysis of 4,200 patient records from the Conservative Clinic of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (January 2022 - April 2023). Data on the day of the week, patient sex, visit status (new or recall), and monthly distribution were collected. Data analysis employed descriptive statistics, generalized linear mixed models (GLMM), and analysis of variance (ANOVA), with p-values used to assess significant differences. Study Design: This retrospective cross-sectional study examined secondary data from clinic records. A total of 4,350 records were retrieved, but 4,200 were analyzed after excluding incomplete entries. Results: The highest attendance was recorded on Tuesday, followed closely by Wednesday, while Friday had the lowest. Statistically significant variations in attendance were found across weekdays. Monday's attendance was significantly higher than Friday's (Mean Difference: -3.21, 95% CI: -4.66 to -1.76, p<0.001). Female patients (58.1%) consistently demonstrated higher attendance than males. Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights to help healthcare providers optimize scheduling and resource allocation, thereby improving overall service efficiency and patient care. Understanding these daily attendance patterns can inform decisions to reduce wait times and enhance patient satisfaction.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rosemary Itohan Abu, Joan E Enabulele, Agbonvihele G Oko-oboh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Conservative Management of Pediatric Unicystic Ameloblastoma in a Secondary Healthcare Facility in an Ameloblastoma's High Burden Sub-Saharan Africa: A Report of Two Cases
Background: Surgical resection is the primary treatment for ameloblastoma but often causes facial disfigurement and complications. Conservative management of unicystic ameloblastoma (UA) may prevent these issues. Clinicians should note that combining marsupialization, enucleation, and Carnoys solution adjuvant therapy restores jawbone health, prevents complications, and improves patients quality of life. Presentation: Two pediatric casesa 13-year-old boy with a 3-month right mandibular ramus swelling and an 11-year-old boy with a 5-month anterior mandibular swellingpresented at General Hospital Ifako-Ijaiye. Clinical and investigative findings confirmed unicystic mural ameloblastoma. Intervention: Both underwent marsupialization followed by enucleation with Carnoys solution. Preoperative orthopantomograms showed unilocular radiolucent lesions; postoperative imaging revealed restored bony trabeculae. Outcome: Successful treatment with no recurrence after one year (ongoing monitoring). There was no clinical or radiographic evidence of recurrence at 1-year follow-up. Planned surveillance per IAOMS guidelines (≥5 years for mural UA)" Conclusion: Conservative UA management with regular follow-up prevents facial disfigurement and complications associated with resection, improving quality of life. These are Nigeria’s first documented pediatric UA cases. Keywords: unicystic ameloblastoma, marsupialization, enucleation, Carnoys solution.
Copyright (c) 2025 Babalola Oluwole Castano, Remi T Oluwakuyide, Akanbi Clement Oluwarotimi, Augustine Ikponmwosa Edomwonyi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tooth Wear Lesions: Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors Among Patients Attending the Dental Clinic of a Tertiary Hospital in Ondo State, Nigeria
Objective To determine the prevalence of tooth wear lesions and assess associated risk factors among patients attending the dental clinic of a state tertiary teaching hospital in Nigeria. Background This cross-sectional study was conducted over a three-month period among randomly selected patients attending the outpatient dental clinic of the University of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire to obtain socio-demographic information, lifestyle factors, oral habits, and oral hygiene practices potentially associated with tooth wear. Clinical examination for tooth wear was performed using the Smith and Knight Tooth Wear Index. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results A total of 102 participants aged 16 years and above were included, comprising 55 males (53.9%) and 47 females (46.1%). The overall prevalence of tooth wear was 56.9%. Among the 9,792 examined surfaces, 61.3% showed signs of wear, while 36.9% of participants exhibited pathological wear. Erosion was the most prevalent type (28.5%), followed by attrition (15.8%) and abrasion (12.4%). Multiple lesion types were observed in 8.8% of participants. Males had more worn surfaces (56.6%) than females (43.4%), though the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.928). Tooth wear was significantly associated with age (p < 0.01), with the highest prevalence in individuals aged 40–49 years (18.7%) and those aged 50 and above (20.8%). Pathological wear was also most common in these age groups. Nail biting showed a strong association with tooth wear (p < 0.01), while bruxism demonstrated borderline significance (p = 0.05). Dietary factors, including daily consumption of fruit juice (p = 0.015) and soft or energy drinks (p = 0.021), were significantly associated with tooth wear, highlighting dietary acids as key contributors. Conclusion Tooth wear is highly prevalent, particularly among adults over 40 years of age, with erosion being the most common type. Age, nail biting, and frequent fruit juice consumption were the most significant predictors. These findings emphasize the need for early risk assessment, patient education, and behavioural interventions to prevent the progression and long-term effects of tooth wear.
Copyright (c) 2025 Augustine Ikponmwosa Edomwonyi, Jacob Babatunde Afolabi , Olayinka Timothy Edun, Samuel Akinfolarin Akinsanya, Precious Oreoluwa Akingbule, Fayokemi Patricia Abbiodun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Radiographic Assessment of Features of Impacted Mandibular Third Molars With Post-Operative Injury to the Inferior Alveolar Nerves: A Record-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Background Surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars (IMTMs) is among the most common minor oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures. However, it carries the risk of complications, including injury to the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN). Panoramic radiography can predict this risk based on certain radiographic features, including root darkening, interruption of the radiopaque line of the inferior alveolar canal, canal diversion, dark and bifid apex, root deflection, narrowing of the IAN canal, and root narrowing. Objective To assess the prevalence and distribution of seven radiographic signs predictive of IAN injury during mandibular third molar surgery namely, root darkening, interruption of the white line, IAN canal diversion, root deflection, narrowing of the IAN canal, dark and bifid apex, and root narrowing and evaluate their correlation with clinical outcomes in adult patients. Methods This retrospective, cross-sectional study reviewed 258 panoramic radiographs of adult patients aged 18–60 years (120 males and 138 females) with 341 impacted mandibular third molars located in proximity to the IAN canal. Predictor variables were the seven radiographic signs listed above. The primary outcome variable was postoperative IAN injury. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. Statistical tests included ANOVA, chi-square, and correlation coefficients, with significance set at p<0.05. Data were presented using descriptive statistics, tables, charts, and graphs. Results The most frequent radiographic sign was interruption of the radiopaque superior margin of the IAN canal (n = 182, 70.5%), followed by narrowing of the IAN canal (n = 143, 55.4%) and root darkening (n = 105, 40.7%). Of the 341 IMTMs, 76 (21.4%) were surgically removed, and 13 (17.1%) of these cases resulted in IAN injury. Among them, eight had interrupted radiopaque lines, three had canal narrowing, and one each showed root deflection and root darkening. Conclusion The most predictive radiographic signs of IAN injury during surgical removal of IMTMs were interruption of the radiopaque canal margin, canal narrowing, and root darkening. Surgeons should carefully assess these signs preoperatively to reduce the risk of nerve injury.
Impacted mandibular third molar, Panoramic radiograph, Inferior Alveolar Nerve injury
Copyright (c) 2025 Bernard Emeka Ogbozor , Mohammad Kaura Abubakar, Abdulmanan Yahaya , Sabir Iya , George O. Ewansiha , Khadija Bashir , Babatunde Olamide Bamgbose https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Radiographic Assessment of Mandibular Bone Trabeculae Using Fractal Dimension Analysis For Optimizing Treatment Planning, A Cross-sectional Analysis
Background Early detection of mandibular bone changes is critical for preventing complications during dental surgeries. Radiographic assessment of mandibular trabeculae using visual index assessment and fractal dimension (FD) analysis represents a significant advancement in dental diagnostics. These approaches enhance the identification of individuals at risk of low bone mass and facilitate the monitoring of bone changes, thereby optimizing treatment planning. Objective This study aimed to visually assess changes in the trabecular pattern of the mandible on digital panoramic images and compare these changes with fractal dimension analysis to support optimal treatment planning. Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano. Two regions of interest (ROIs)—between the interdental region of the second premolar and first molar—were analyzed on both sides of the mandible using dedicated software for visual and FD assessment. Data on age, sex, trabecular pattern type, and FD values were recorded. Statistical analyses, including Chi-square, independent t-test, and ANOVA, were performed to assess associations among variables. Results A total of 412 digital panoramic images were analyzed, comprising 219 (53.2%) males and 193 (46.8%) females, with a mean age (SD) of 35.3 (11.9) years. Sparse trabecular patterns were more prevalent among females (56.0% right; 50.3% left), while significantly higher FD values were observed in males (p = 0.02 right; p = 0.006 left). Both visual assessment and FD analysis identified sparse trabecular patterns on the right (51.7%, 51.9%) and left (44.2%, 48.3%) sides. Agreement between methods was moderate on the right and fair on the left side of the mandible (Kappa = 0.47 and 0.36, respectively). Conclusion Both visual index and FD assessment methods effectively identified sparse trabecular patterns, though neither alone is entirely sufficient. A combined approach yields more reliable data for improved treatment planning.
fractal dimension, trabecular bone, mandible, panoramic, assessment, treatment planning
Copyright (c) 2025 George O. Ewansiha , Mohammad Kaura Abubakar, Abdulmanan Yahaya , Sabir Iya, Bernard Ogbozor , Isah Suleiman Ahmad , Babatunde Olamide Bamgbose https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Microbial Analysis and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Microorganisms Associated with Teeth Indicated for Non-Surgical Endodontic Treatment in a Nigerian Population-A Cross-Sectional Study
Background The success of endodontic therapy hinges on the eradication of microbial infection within the root canal system. Regional variations in microbial ecology and antibiotic resistance underscore the need for population-specific data to guide clinical protocols. Objective To characterize the microbial composition and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of microorganisms isolated from root canals of teeth indicated for non-surgical endodontic treatment in a Nigerian cohort. Methods In this cross-sectional study, root canal samples were aseptically collected from 40 patients using sterile paper points after irrigation with saline. Specimens were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose, MacConkey, Nutrient, and Blood agar under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Microbial identification was performed via biochemical assays, and antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results Among 97 isolates, facultative anaerobes predominated (43.2%, n = 42), followed by fungi (38.2%, n = 37) and obligate aerobes (18.6%, n = 18). Staphylococcus spp. (44.4%) was the most prevalent aerobic bacteria, while Streptococcus spp. dominated both facultative (61.9%) and obligate anaerobic isolates. Yeasts constituted 64.9% of fungal isolates. All bacterial isolates exhibited resistance to co-trimoxazole. Resistance to ampicillin was universal among aerobes and anaerobes except Bacteroides spp. Aerobes demonstrated high sensitivity to gentamicin (100%), nalidixic acid (88.9%), and nitrofurantoin (94.4%), with exceptions observed in Klebsiella and Streptococcus spp. Anaerobes showed susceptibility to nitrofurantoin (95.2%) and gentamicin (90.5%), excluding Bacillus spp. Streptomycin resistance was widespread (95.2%) except in Pseudomonas spp. Conclusion Root canal infections in this population exhibit polymicrobial diversity with significant resistance to ampicillin and co-trimoxazole, rendering these agents ineffective. Gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, and nalidixic acid demonstrated superior efficacy, highlighting their potential utility in managing refractory infections. These findings advocate for antimicrobial stewardship and susceptibility-guided therapy in Nigerian endodontic practice.
endondontics, microbiology, antibiotics, root canal treatment
Copyright (c) 2025 Okeoghenemaro Gloria. Agboghoroma, Dr. Joan Emien https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Evaluation of the Effect of Two Different Types of Calcium Hydroxide on Periapical Granulomas: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Objective The mere surgical removal of periapical granulomas through root-end surgery, without proper biomechanical preparation of the canal, placement of calcium hydroxide intracanal medicament, and obturation, does not result in the desired healing of periradicular tissues. The objective of this study was to determine the difference between injectable calcium hydroxide and powder/liquid calcium hydroxide in the resolution of pain (using the Numerical Pain Rating Scale) and periapical granulomas through periodic assessment and measurement of periapical radiolucency, radiographically and using periapical index (PAI) scores. Methods This six-month randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Restorative Unit of the National Hospital, Abuja, from 9 August 2018 to 10 February 2020. A total of 128 participants with 128 maxillary anterior teeth presenting with periapical granulomas and a PAI score of ≥4 with horizontal diameter ≥5 mm were recruited. They were randomly assigned to two groups: Group A (n=64) received proprietary injectable calcium hydroxide (Calasept), while Group B (n=64) received the powder/liquid mixture. Participants were recalled at 1 week post-treatment and then monthly for 6 months. Healing was assessed using periapical radiographs and PAI scores. Canals were redressed at 3 months. The primary outcome was lesion size reduction in millimeters and PAI score changes; the secondary outcome was pain resolution. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test, regression analysis, and Friedman test with IBM SPSS version 20.0. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results At 6 months, 100% of participants in both groups had resolution of pain symptoms. Both groups showed significant reduction in periapical lesion size from month 2 to month 6, with faster resolution in Group A. PAI scores significantly reduced in both groups at 6 months, with comparable scores throughout (P < 0.05). Conclusion The findings suggest that both preparations of calcium hydroxide are effective, but the injectable form (Calasept) promotes faster resolution of lesions and symptoms.
Calcium Hydroxide, Periapical Granuloma, Root Canal Therapy
Copyright (c) 2025 Ololade Abosede Akinyemi, Nicolagloria Okeoghenemaro Agboghoroma, Oluwole Oyekunle Dosumu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pattern of Oral and Maxillofacial Biopsy Results in a Teaching Hospital; An 11-year Retrospective Study
Background Biopsy remains a cornerstone in diagnostic pathology, enabling definitive diagnosis, guiding treatment planning, and informing tumor classification. This study evaluated the distribution of histopathologically diagnosed lesions in the oral and maxillofacial region over an 11-year period. Methods A retrospective review was conducted at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Pathology, and Molecular Biology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. Biopsy records from January 2013 to December 2023 were analyzed. Ethical approval was obtained from the Health Research and Ethics Committee (HREC Approval No. ADM/DSCST/HREC/APP/5714). Results A total of 756 biopsies were reviewed. Females accounted for 52.2% of cases. The highest frequency of tumors occurred in the fourth decade of life (20.8%). Odontogenic tumors were the most prevalent lesion group, with ameloblastoma being the most common histologic diagnosis, predominantly involving the mandible. Conclusion A broad spectrum of lesions affects the maxillofacial region. Biopsy remains indispensable for definitive diagnosis. Knowledge of lesion distribution patterns is vital for clinical decision-making among oral surgeons and pathologists.
Biopsy, benign, malignant, odontogenic tumour, carcinoma
Copyright (c) 2025 Ebrorhie Ochuko, Adeyemi O. Michael, Abdullahi A.S. Mohammed, Ngalato F. Haningh, Okwor G. Chiamaka, Adedire O. Adetomiwa, Ajayi F. Oluseyi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Job Satisfaction among Nigerian Dental Technologists And its Effect on their Relationship with Dental Surgeons, A Cross-sectional Study
Objective Job satisfaction may influence interprofessional relationships among healthcare workers. This study assessed the job satisfaction of dental technologists and its effect on their relationship with dentists. Methods An online questionnaire survey of Nigerian dental technologists was conducted using an adapted Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics (version 23). Chi-square tests were used to compare means, and logistic regression tested associations. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Results A total of 131 technologists participated (male: female ratio = 2.5:1). Seventy-seven (58.8%) were married, 68 (51.9%) had worked for 5 years or less, and 64 (48.9%) worked in teaching hospitals. Sixty-three (48.1%) had moderate levels of job satisfaction, while 77 (60.3%) were satisfied with their relationship with dentists. Intrinsic satisfaction was associated with higher education (χ² = 11.48, p = 0.02) and employment in tertiary centers (χ² = 6.84, p = 0.03); extrinsic satisfaction was associated with being married (χ² = 10.44, p = 0.01), and overall satisfaction was higher among females (χ² = 8.41, p = 0.02). In-service development increased the odds of extrinsic satisfaction by 3.1 (1.2–8.0); p = 0.02. Respect for dentists' decisions was associated with interprofessional relationships (χ² = 52.97, p = 0.001), and overall satisfaction strongly correlated with the relationship with the dentist (χ² = 42.79, p < 0.001). Conclusion Job satisfaction was related to good interprofessional relationships. Higher satisfaction levels were associated with being female and working in teaching hospitals. Good interprofessional relationships also improved satisfaction.
Copyright (c) 2025 Oluwafeyisayo F. Ikusika, Yewande I. Adeyemo, Tope E. Adeyemi, Chikaodi O. Oguchi, Igie M. Ogbonmwan, Uchenna K. Omeje https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Evaluation of Diagnodent and Digital Radiography in Dental Caries Diagnosis at the National Hospital Abuja: a Diagnostic Accuracy Study
Objective Early caries detection is crucial for preventing and controlling the spread of dental caries. Conventional detection techniques (visual and radiographic) rely on subjective judgment and are prone to misinterpretation, which may lead to mismanagement. This highlights the need for objective and quantitative methods to detect and monitor the progression of carious lesions. Among several e m e r g i n g d i a g n o s t i c d e v i c e s , l a s e r fluorescence—particularly Diagnodent—has generated considerable interest. This study aimed to compare the performance of Diagnodent and digital bitewing radiography in detecting early dental caries, using Ekstrand's criteria and manufacturer-recommended Diagnodent thresholds. Study Design This diagnostic accuracy study was conducted at the Restorative Dentistry Unit of the National Hospital, Abuja, from 8 August to 9 November 2022. Ethical approval was obtained from the Health Research Ethics Committee (HREC) of the National Hospital, Abuja (Approval No. NHA/EC/078/2019). Participants Thirty-one participants with 130 premolar and molar teeth that met the inclusion criteria were randomly selected. Test Methods Teeth with incipient, non-cavitated enamel caries were examined using Diagnodent, digital bitewing radiographs, and visual examination (considered the gold standard). Visual and radiographic assessments followed Ekstrand's criteria, while Diagnodent results were interpreted using the manufacturer's cut-off values. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, overall accuracy, and Kappa scores (intra- and inter-examiner agreement) were calculated. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Version 26.0. The significance level was set at P< 0.05. Outcomes For occlusal surfaces, the sensitivity of early caries detection was 95.6%, 80.0%, and 100% for visual examination, Diagnodent, and bitewing radiography, respectively. The corresponding specificity values were 90.2%, 95.4%, and 27.3%. On interproximal surfaces, all methods recorded 100% sensitivity, but bitewing radiography had the lowest specificity (70.9%). Differences in specificity among diagnostic methods were statistically significant (P < 0.05) for both occlusal and interproximal surfaces, while sensitivity differences were not. Overall diagnostic accuracy was statistically significant for all three methods on both surfaces. Kappa scores for intra- and inter-examiner agreement were 0.9 for each diagnostic method. Diagnodent was more accurate than bitewing radiography for detecting early carious lesions on both occlusal and interproximal surfaces. Although Diagnodent demonstrated high accuracy, it is recommended as an adjunct to visual and radiographic methods rather than a standalone tool.
Keywords: Diagnodent, Radiography, Dental Caries, Diagnosis
Effects of Prednisolone and Kotase on Post-Disimpaction Sequelae of Mandibular Third Molars in General Hospital, Lagos: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Background The sequelae of surgical disimpaction of mandibular third molars negatively impact patients' quality of life in the immediate post-operative period. Some clinicians have shown reluctance to use steroids in oral surgery, though they provide excellent control of the postoperative inflammatory triad following third molar disimpaction. Kotase, a fixed-dose combination of two enzymes (Bromelain and Trypsin), has also been effective in reducing postoperative inflammation. Methods We conducted a randomized controlled trial at the General Hospital, Lagos Island. Eighty-four participants were randomized into two treatment groups: Prednisolone and Kotase. Pain was assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Facial swelling was measured using linear distances from the tragus to pogonion, tragus to the angle of the mouth, and gonial angle to the lateral canthus of the eye. Trismus was measured using a pair of dividers. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Chi-square and Student's t-tests were used for comparisons, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results The socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of participants were similar in both groups. The highest intensity of sequelae occurred on the first postoperative day in both groups. Pain was not statistically significant (t = 0.067, p = 0.946). Facial volumetric variation in the tragus–oral commissure plane (t = 0.369, p = 0.713), tragus–pogonion plane (t = 0.959, p = 0.341), and outer canthus–gonial plane (t = 1.523, p = 0.132) showed no significant differences. Trismus was also not statistically significant (t = 0.890, p = 0.376). Conclusion Kotase was observed to be as effective as prednisolone in mitigating postoperative inflammatory sequelae following mandibular third molar disimpaction
Third molar, multiple impaction, diabetics, hypertensive, Prednisolone, Kotase
Copyright (c) 2025 Babalola Oluwole Castano, Akanbi Clement .O Oluwarotimi, Oluwafemi Adewale Adesina, Bola Obisesan, Olalekan Michael Gbotolorun, Adeshina Olumuyiwa S Ayodele https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Perceived Oral Hygiene Status, Dental Service Utilization and Treatment Needs of Medical and Nursing Students at A Tertiary Institution in Nigeria: a Cross-sectional Study
Objective To evaluate the perceived oral hygiene status, dental service utilization, and treatment needs of medical and nursing students at a tertiary institution in Nigeria. Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among clinical medical and nursing students at the University of Port Harcourt. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic variables, perceived self-rated oral hygiene status, dental service utilization, and treatment needs. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.0 (IBM SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois). Descriptive statistics were computed, and associations were tested using the chi-square test and Fisher's exact test where appropriate. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 155 participants were included, with 85 (54.8%) being clinical medical students and 70 (45.2%) being clinical nursing students. Only 6 (3.9%) of the medical students and 5 (3.2%) of the nursing students rated their oral hygiene as excellent. Dental clinic visits in the last 12 months were significantly higher among nursing students (50.0%) compared to medical students (32.9%), p = 0.031. More nursing students (67.1%) than medical students (49.4%) reported needing further dental treatment (p = 0.034). The most commonly required treatment was scaling and polishing. Conclusion The overall perception of oral hygiene among participants was suboptimal. While half of the nursing students visited the dental clinic in the past year, a significant proportion of medical students did not. There is a need for improved oral health awareness and preventive dental care promotion among medical and nursing students.
Copyright (c) 2025 Grace Alade, Raymond Stanley Chukwunonso https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0